The programme involves working with Italian expert Marco Di Bella, whose country has previously funded equipment for the House of Manuscripts' offices, including lighting. "You can spend several months with the same book."Īhmed is one of seven Iraqi conservators who are currently undergoing training, funded by the Italian embassy, to help them carry out their colossal restoration mission. “They give us the manuscript, we treat it following proper scientific norms and we give it back.Each intervention must "preserve the old appearance" of a work, said Tayba Ahmed, 30, who has been doing restoration for three years.īut it also must reduce any damage to the work "so that it can live longer", she added.Ī text "may not have a cover, the pages might be detached, you may have to sew and make a leather cover", she said. “We will not be storing manuscripts here, it is a treatment centre,” said Sarma from HeCSA, adding that the public, religious institutes, families are welcome to get their manuscripts fixed at the centre. The centre, which is now fully functional, is not an archive. “Unfortunately, despite efforts, many are on the path to getting ruined,” said Sharma, adding, “This is part of our heritage, our identity.” The Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies has a huge collection of both Sanchipaat and Tulapaat from the 13th century. “We are also using sophisticated equipment: handheld digital microscopes, infrared light (for illustrated manuscripts), UV fluorescent light (as a non-destructive examination technique) etc,” said Sharma. (Photo Courtesy: Avinibesh Sharma)Īmong the special preservation steps is one that uses a special Japanese tissue paper to ensconce the manuscript, and it is then put in an acid-proof box that is made in Italy. The Manuscript Conservation Centre in Guwahati will treat thousand-year-old hand-written folios from the Ahom Kingdom. “Conservation, restoration digitisation and documentation - the centre will cover all aspects,” said Avinibesh Sharma, one of the chief conservators and a document specialist at the lab. In places like Assam, the weather is humid - so manuscripts require even more care, maintenance at least every five years. While this is not the first attempt by NMM (two other centres were earlier established - one of which eventually closed - in the Guwahati University and in Guru Charan College, Silchar), it is arguably the first professional conservation laboratory for such manuscripts. On December 8, the state inaugurated a manuscript conservation centre that is based out of two rooms in the KK Handique Govt. The NMM is an initiative started in 2003 under the Ministry of Culture for scientific management of the manuscripts. In November 2017, HeCSA, a group of 10-12 conservationists who are undertaking projects to preserve the history of the state, approached the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM). They would then dispose them in water bodies,” he said. Thus several surviving manuscripts would have burnt edges, which superstitious people considered bad omens. “The idea was to preserve them with heat and smoke. Among the special preservation steps is using a Japanese tissue paper to ensconce the manuscripts, which will be then put in an acid-proof box made in Italy. He explained how in the olden days, manuscripts were stored in kitchen ceilings (called dhuasaangs or smoke roofs), right above wooden choolahs (chimneys). “One incident happened a few years ago in Nagaon - and local boys had to swim to retrieve hundreds of these manuscripts floating around the river,” said Jayanta Sarma of the Heritage Conservation Society of Assam (HeCSA). In the past, there have been instances when hundreds of manuscripts were dunked into rivers in different parts of Assam. At times due to a lack of proper conservation efforts, and sometimes because of a lack of awareness. Over centuries, the Sanchipaat has lived on: in private collections of old families, in the Satras (or the neo-Vaishnavite monasteries) of Majuli, Nalbari and Barpeta, and in libraries and museums.īut many have disappeared too. These “tree-bark” manuscripts, called Sanchipaat, were made through intricate, laborious procedures, and had a variety of information on diverse topics: wildlife, medicine, rituals and legends of Assam’s longest ruling dynasty, all written by hand. It was on bits of tree bark that the Ahoms, under whom a 600-year-old dynasty flourished in Assam, communicated in the 13th century. This is currently housed in the Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies. The sanchipaat, which contains 135 folios, describes types of elephants, their ailments and treatment. The Hastividyarnava sanchipaat dating back to AD 1734 was composed under the orders of the Ahom King Sivasingha.
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Remember, playing Classic Spades involves strategy as much as it does adhere to the rules.Bridge is a fun and challenging game to be enjoyed by players of all ages. If both teams reach 200 points or -200 points in the same round, the team with the higher score wins. The game ends when a team reaches 200 points or falls to -200 points. Accumulating 10 bags across rounds leads to a deduction of 100 points, resetting the bag count to zero, in a process known as a "bag back".ġ2. If a team wins fewer tricks than they bid, they lose 10 points for each trick they bid. Any additional tricks are called 'overtricks' or 'bags' and are worth 1 point each.ġ0. If a team wins at least as many tricks as their bid, they score 10 points per trick bid. At the end of a round, each team counts the number of tricks they won. After Spades are broken, you can start a trick with a Spade.ĩ. If a player can't follow the lead suit and plays a Spade, it’s called "breaking Spades". The player who plays the highest card in the initial suit takes the trick unless a Spade is played. If not, they can play any card, including a Spade.ħ. Players must follow the suit of the first card if they can. Going clockwise, each player plays a card from their hand. The player to the dealer's left leads a card of any suit except Spades.Ħ. This total is how many tricks the team aims to win in order to score points.ĥ. You must take at least the number of tricks you bid.Ĥ. Starting from the dealer's left, each player bids the number of "tricks" they expect to take. The game is played with a standard deck of 52 cards. Spades is a game played by four players in two partnerships.Ģ. Ready to dive into the world of Classic Spades? Here's a comprehensive guide to the rules of our version of Spades, played to 200 points or down to -200 points.ġ. Get Classic Spades - where every deal is a big deal! Step up your game and take on the world - one Spade at a time. Whether you're a seasoned Spades veteran or a curious beginner, Classic Spades has something for everyone. Join the world of Classic Spades today! Sharpen your strategy, play your hand, and let the ultimate card game challenge begin. Smooth, seamless gameplay designed specifically for iOS devices. Leaderboards to compete against other players and mark your territory in the Spades world. A unique social feature that allows you to invite friends in the game. Real-time multiplayer games, bringing together Spades players from all corners of the globe. With Classic Spades, every hand you play could be the start of a new story. Its elegant design, fluid interface, and easy-to-understand gameplay make Classic Spades a must-have app for all card game enthusiasts.Ĭreate unforgettable memories by teaming up with friends, family, or even other Spades aficionados across the globe! Challenge your strategic skills against real players and rise up the leaderboards. Experience the thrill of Spades like never before with Classic Spades! This isn't just any card game - it's a pocket powerhouse of excitement, strategy, and social interaction, now available on App Store.ĭon't miss the chance to dive into the timeless classic that has enthralled card lovers for generations. That’s the most since he started tracking the data 24 years ago.įor the 2023 fiscal year, share buybacks have totaled around 8.6 trillion Japanese yen ($6.2 billion). Japanese firms bought back 9.7 trillion Japanese yen ($7 billion) worth of their own stock in the fiscal year ending March 2022, according to Frank Benzimra, head of Asia equity strategy at Societe Generale. At the same time, a spate of share buybacks has helped swell stock prices. “We take it for granted in the US and Europe that corporate management is trying to maximize the share price, but that’s by no means been the case in Japan for the last 30-odd years.”Ĭompanies tracked by the Nikkei index paid out record dividends in 2022. “There’s long been a lot of undervalued companies in Japan,” Atherton noted. As a result, there has been little incentive for investors to buy the stocks if they don’t believe they can sell them at a higher price later on.Īn electronic board showing the closing numbers on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Kazuhiro Nogi/AFP/Getty Images The problem is that at least half of Japan’s companies have been stuck trading at a ratio of below one for most of the past 20 years. Half of companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange trade at a PTB ratio of less than one, according to Man Group data from February, compared with just 3% of firms on the S&P 500.Ī low ratio means the stock is a bargain. It urged them to come up with plans to boost their price-to-book (PTB) ratios - that is, the firm’s share price relative to its net assets. JPMorgan analysts said last week that the “structural change” taking root in Japan could give the current market rally “staying power.”Įarlier this year, the Tokyo Stock Exchange began telling companies to pay more attention to their stock price. Japanese stocks have received their biggest bump from an overhaul of corporate governance rules that has compelled company executives to improve shareholder returns. Investors say Japanese stocks have benefited from relatively cheap valuations, a long-awaited return of inflation, and a weakening currency.Īn endorsement by Warren Buffett probably didn’t hurt either - the legendary investor told Japanese publication Nikkei in April that his flagship investment firm, Berkshire Hathaway, planned to increase its holdings in five Japanese companies.įoreign investors bought $15.6 billion worth of Japanese stocks last month, the highest monthly amount since October 2017, according to the Japan Exchange Group.įor years, investors have hoped modest rallies in Japanese stocks would translate into a sustained market revival for the world’s third-largest economy, which is also home to a raft of household-name electronics companies and carmakers, like Sonyīut this time, investors tell CNN, really is different. “In my 33 years in the market, things do seem probably more positive now than they’ve seemed at any time in that whole period,” said Jeffrey Atherton, an investment manager at Man GLG, a subsidiary of hedge fund giant Man Group. The indexes have outpaced the United States’ S&P 500 and Europe’s Stoxx 600 benchmark indexes, which have both risen 8% in that time. (N225), which tracks Japan’s blue-chip companies, has leapt nearly 17%. So far this year, the benchmark Topix has jumped almost 14%, and the Nikkei 225 The country’s major stock indexes are trading at highs not seen since 1990, when its infamous asset bubble of the late 1980s was just deflating. Japan’s stock market has waited more than three decades for its moment in the sun. Excited, he leapt out of the tub and ran naked through the streets of Syracuse shouting, “Eureka!”īy one account, Greek philosopher Plutarch reported that Archimedes died while solving a math problem. Legend has it he discovered his principle of buoyancy while taking a bath. These included the fundamental principles of mechanics methods for finding the center of gravity, surface area, and volume of geometric figures the principle of buoyancy and, of course, an estimate for the value of pi.Īrchimedes was obsessed with math, often getting lost in his work and forgetting to eat. Over roughly the next 50 years, Archimedes developed most of his major theories. He was the son of astronomer Phidias and a close ally of Syracuse’s King Hieron and his son, whom he served many years.Īrchimedes traveled to Egypt to study at the Library of Alexandria at age 18 and, upon completing his work, returned to Syracuse around 263 BCE for the remainder of his life. Getty ImagesĪccording to NOVA, Archimedes was born in Syracuse-on the Mediterranean island of Sicily, not upstate New York-around 287 BCE. In this drawing, Archimedes is confronted by a Roman soldier during the takeover of Syracuse. Leonhard Euler subsequently popularized the symbol.Īs for Archimedes, you might be surprised to learn that pi was just one of his many important discoveries and inventions. House of Representatives passed a resolution recognizing March 14 as National Pi Day.Īccording to the Exploratorium, mathematicians began using π, the Greek letter pi, for the calculation’s symbol in the 1700s, starting with William Jones in 1706. The latter has become a delicious tradition among academic and office settings. The first Pi Day took place at the Exploratorium, a San Francisco–based science museum, and featured a circular parade and fruit pies. It also happens to be Albert Einstein’s birthday. Pi is essential to engineering and modern construction.Īlthough many sought to find it, the calculation of pi, which is also expressed by the fraction 22/7, is commonly credited to Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse more than 2,200 years ago.Īccording to, physicist Larry Shaw founded Pi Day day in 1988, selecting March 14 because the numeric date represents the first three digits of pi (3.14). The relatively new holiday is a celebration of the mathematical calculation pi, or the infinite number representing the constant ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter. Archimedes introduced the idea of projectile motion with the help of the parabola.It’s the most wonderful time of the year-for mathematicians, anyway. That was when Archimedes started thinking of parabolas, eclipses, and hyperbolas. At that time people didn’t know about 2D and 3D shapes they only knew of lines, circles, cubes, spheres, pentagons, etc. Many years ago, people used to measure time using the stars and the moon, and from that time onwards, people have had to differentiate between different shapes and structures. Infinitesimal therefore means an extremely or infinitely small quantity.Īrchimedes can be said to have introduced calculus through infinitesimals long before Newton and Leibnitz gave us the rules of calculus. The limit is a term that calculates a tiny quantity. A function is continuous when its left-hand limit becomes equal to its right-hand limit. Here, we come to the point of limits, continuity, and differentiability. An infinitesimal is a quantity which does not exist but can be made real using limits. Infinitesimals in the ancient Greek period were the equivalent of modern-day calculus. On the other hand, Romans wore them to demonstrate purity and innocence. In Ancient Greece, the warriors wore diamonds because they believed it would make them invincible. The hardness of the stone can often represent strength and clarity and can be useful when dealing with stress. This gemstone is believed to create a sense of radiance, energy, and light in any environment or soul. They are one of the most expensive gemstones that exist today. Diamonds can have a prism effect and separate light into different colors which is one of their most appealing attributes. The diamond is most commonly found in Australia, Botswana, Canada, South Africa, and Russia.ĭiamonds are often transparent but can sometimes have a white tinge. The name Diamond is the combination of two Greek words, adamas and diaphanus which mean unbreakable and transparent. It is the most popular and arguably the most luxurious gemstone in the world. If you know someone born in March, Aquamarine fine jewelry is a great gift to that person because it can make them feel safe.Īpril’s birthstone is the Diamond. Sailors would keep aquamarine close to their ships to keep them safe during storms while soldiers kept the gemstone close during war. They believed it was a rare treasure that was connected to mermaids. Historically, aquamarine was most commonly used by Greeks and Romans. It is very beneficial when treating gum and teeth issues. It is known to create an overall feeling of calm and tranquillity.Īquamarine has also been said to heal sinus problems, allergies and respiratory conditions. This gemstone can be used to help those during meditation or prayer. This gemstone can be found in countries such as Brazil, Nigeria, Madagascar, Zambia, Pakistan, and Mozambique.Īquamarine is often blue but can be found in a range of different shades of blue, some even with a hint of green. The name is a derivative of the two Latin words aqua for water and marina for sea. The serene color of the stone is captured by its name. Amethyst has been said to be a natural hormone balancer, and an immune-boosting gemstone. This gemstone is often used during meditation to help with stability and harmony. Current amethysts wearers amethysts have the potential to benefit from enhanced creativity and passion. Throughout history, any wearer of this gemstone was said to become clear-headed.Īmethyst can be found anywhere in the world, but Brazil is the primary source today. This includes violet purple, deep purple, and reddish-purple.Īncient Greeks and Romans believed that Amethyst was able to ward off the powers of Bacchus. The shade of purple can range from being extremely light or dark. It is the most popular purple gem in the world. If you are looking for a way to wear your gemstone, or gift it someone you love, fine jewelry is a great way to do so.Īmethyst is February’s birthstone. In Egypt, garnets were believed to symbolize life itself. Throughout history, garnet has been worn by warriors, acting as a source of protection for them. Some even refer to garnet as an anti-depressant. It is thought to bring healing to wounds as well, along with stimulating the wearer’s metabolism and even purifying their blood. Garnets are also said to bring health, peace and prosperity to the individual’s home. This gemstone represents happiness, purpose, and goodwill. While red is the most popular Garnet color, it also comes in shades of orange and green. This gemstone is naturally found in Greece, Sri Lanka, India, Tanzania, Czech Republic, Russia and Madagascar. Garnet is red, similar to a pomegranate seed. It is derived from the Latin word granatum, which means seed. In this article, we’ll go through each of the birthstones and explain everything you need to know about them. In 1912 in America, the National Association of Jewelers released the list of modern birthstones that we now use today. The 16th and 18th centuries are when people started wearing just one stone for their birth month. People used to wear all 12 birthstones throughout the year, one for each month, because they believed each stone would provide them with a special power or benefit. The breastplate of Aaron had 12 gemstones, each representing one of the 12 tribes of Israel. They have been around since biblical times. Birthstones are gemstones that go with an individual’s birth month. The most likely candidate for his father was Vincent Anthony Gayhart, who would have been 20 in 1926. I don’t know whether Harold knew his biological father, but I discovered by searching the Canadian census of 1921 that there was one Gayhart family in Hamilton at that time. Harold was a year older than his mother’s cousin, my grandmother Delia, but unlike Delia, he was raised by his mother. 1911), only died in 1997 - 131 years after Sidney’s birth.Īnother illegitimate child in my family tree, Harold Gayhart Bateman, was born in Hamilton, Ontario in 1926. However, the middle name ‘Skinner’ was officially registered with the births for three of his four sons, William, Harold and John, the youngest of whom, John Skinner Maultby (b. With illegitimacy, the line between middle and last names isn’t always clearcut, and the baptism of one of his daughters gave the surname as ‘Skinner Maultby’. Nevertheless, Sidney held on to the name Skinner. However, while Harry and Herbert were raised by both of their parents along with several younger legitimate siblings, Hannah and George never took responsibility for their first child, Sidney Skinner Maultby. It seems that the format of the three illegitimate boys’ names moved increasingly towards the appearance of legitimacy, even without a legal marriage in place. 1868) and the second Herbert Oxenham Skinner (b. Hannah had two more sons with George Skinner before marrying him. The case of Maultby vs Skinner, a case of ‘seduction’, was heard at the Court of Common Pleas 2, and is a story I plan to tell in a future blog post. Hannah, only 18 years old, soon abandoned baby Sidney, leaving him to be raised by her recently widowed mother, and ran away with George SKINNER, the next door neighbour. Hannah Maultby, a sister of my 3x great grandfather, had an illegitimate son, Sidney Skinner Maultby, in 1868. In some cases, the middle name of an illegitimate child may be the only clue, other than DNA, to the father’s identity. One of the most common reasons for a child to be given a surname as a middle name was when the parents weren’t married. If a child had the same surname as his/her mother, and a middle name that looked like a surname, there’s a very good chance that the child’s middle name was the biological father’s surname. Perhaps they will inspire you to think about where some of your ancestors’ middle names came from too! 1. And I’ve shared some examples of each from my family tree. According to the National Institute of Genealogy, ‘Middle names were chosen for a reason, not just on a whim, and this is important to bear in mind when elucidating relationships.’ 1ĭrawing from my own family history, which is almost entirely in England, I’ve come up with five reasons for parents choosing surnames as middle names. Naming traditions vary from country to country, but in England, having one or more middle names became increasingly common from the 19th century. It got me thinking about why these names were used, and how they were sometimes passed down multiple generations. However, I have a wealth of ancestors who had surnames as middle names. I only have one example of that in my family tree (a Hull butcher who probably endured a lifetime of teasing for his name: Flower Callis - after his grandmother Sarah Ann FLOWER). In Grinling Gibbons’ case, surnames were used as first names. Grinling also named a son Grinling, but his namesake didn’t survive childhood. He also had a brother, Dingley Gibbons (chuckle) who was named after his grandmother’s family line. In fact, he was named Grinling after his mother, Elizabeth Grinling (though his mother’s family name was recorded as Grinling, Gorling, Grilling, and other variations). I was already familiar with Gibbons’ incredible work but didn’t know where his unusual name came from. For several months this year I worked with the Grinling Gibbons Society on the tercentenary of illustrious 17th century carver Grinling Gibbons. 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